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{g,0}{b}1.0 Part 1 Basic Concepts and the Balance Sheet{s}
{b}Learning Objectives
In this part you will learn:
1. The accounting meaning of assets, equities, liabilities, owners'{s}
equity, and the balance sheet.
2. The first three of the nine concepts that govern all accounting:
- The dual-aspect concept.
- The money-measurement concept.
- The entity concept.
@
1.1
Accounting is a language. The first step in mastering any language is
to learn its rules and the meaning of its terms. In this program you will
learn the basic rules and terms of the language called A{1,6,2}ING.
*1
CCOUNT - OK - Good.
ACCOUN - OK - Good.
- HINT - You are learning accounting, of course.
@
1.2 Assets
If you were asked to report on the financial status of an individual
instead of a business, you might begin by asking, "What does he or she own
that is of value?" Would this also be a reasonable question to ask about
a business? {1,-3,1} {s}
{d}
Answer (Y) Yes or (N) No.
*1
YES - BEST - Correct. It is VERY important to know what valuable things a business owns.
Y - OK - Correct. It is VERY important to know what valuable things a business owns.
NO - QUIT - No, it is VERY important to know what valuable things a business owns.
N - QUIT - No, it is VERY important to know what valuable things a business owns.
@
1.3
Money, of course, has value. In accounting, the name for money,
whether in currency or in a bank account, is {b}cash{n}. One thing you would
wish to report about the business is how much {1,5,2} it has.
*1
CASH - OK - Right.
MONEY - OK - But in accounting it is called CASH.
- HINT - You want to report about CASH.
@
1.4
Suppose the business is called the Garsden Company and that it has
cash totalling $3,449 in its bank account. You might begin your report
by recording: {s}
{d}
{b}GARSDEN COMPANY
{b}Things of Value
{b} Name Amount
............................................. ${1,-5}
{a,15,12}CASH
*1
3,449 - OK - That's right.
3449 - OK - That's right.
- HINT - {a,21,1}On items like this, fill in the blank with the appropriate dollar amount.
@
1.5
In the language of accounting, the term {b}things of value{n} is not used.
The term {b}assets{n} takes its place. Garsden Company has cash assets totalling
$3,449. Fill in the blanks below: {s}
{d}
{b} GARSDEN COMPANY
{1,-7}
{2,-8} ........................................ ${3,-5}
*1
ASSETS - OK - Correct.
- HINT - This is a report about Garsden's ASSETS.
*2
- POST - {a,20,1}What is the amount of cash?
CASH - OK - Yes.
CASH - OK - Yes.
- HINT - CASH goes here.
*3
- POST - {a,20,1}{c,32,40}
3,449 - OK - Correct.
3449 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The cash value is $3,449, as before.
@
1.6
Garsden Company also owns real estate, office equipment, and securities.
Clearly, the $3,499 of cash {1,6} Garsden Company's only asset.
(A) is
(B) is not
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}is not
IS NOT - OK - Right. All of these possessions are assets too.
B - OK - Right. All of these possessions are assets too.
IS - QUIT - No, all of these possessions are assets too.
A - QUIT - No, all of these possessions are assets too.
- HINT - Choose (A) or (B) by letter.
@
1.7
Which of the following are examples of {u}non{n}-cash assets? {1,-1}
(A) machinery, stocks and bonds, money in a bank account
(B) land, machinery, stocks and bonds
(C) buildings, petty cash, stocks and bonds
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct.
A - NO - No. Money in a bank account is a CASH asset.
C - NO - No. Petty cash is a CASH asset.
@
1.8
Garsden Company has cash totalling $3,449 and non-cash assets amounting
to $32,787. Enter these facts in the following list, using the phrase {b}Other
{b}assets{n} to refer to the non-cash assets.
{b} GARSDEN COMPANY
{1,-7,2}
{2,-4,2} ........................................... ${3,-6}
{4,-16,3}................................ {5,-6}
{l,9}
Total $
*1
ASSETS - OK - Correct.
- HINT - This report is for Garsden's ASSETS.
*2
CASH - OK - Yes.
- HINT - Start with cash.
*3
3,449 - OK - Correct.
3,449 - OK - Correct.
3449 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The cash asset amount is $3,449.
*4
OTHER ASSETS - OK - Right.
NON CASH ASSETS - NO - Use the term Other assets.
- HINT - The term for non-cash assets goes here.
*5
- POST - {a,20,55}36,236
32,787 - OK - Correct.
32787 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Other assets amount to $32,787.
@
1.9 Equities
If Ava lends money or extends {b}credit{n} to Bob, Ava is called Bob's
{b}creditor.{n} Thus the parties to whom a business owes money are its {1,9}.
(A) debtors
(B) creditors
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
CREDITORS - OK - Yes. The business is IN DEBT to {u}creditors{n}.
B - OK - Yes. The business is IN DEBT to {u}creditors{n}.
DEBTORS - QUIT - No. The business is IN DEBT to {u}creditors{n}.
A - QUIT - No. The business is IN DEBT to {u}creditors{n}.
- HINT - The business is IN DEBT to {u}creditors{n}.
@
1.10
When creditors lend money or extend credit to a business, they acquire
a {b}claim{n} of that amount against the business. For example, a creditor who
lends $5,000 to a business has a claim of ${1,-6} against the business.
*1
5,000 - OK - Correct.
5000 - OK - Correct.
5K - QUIT - Do not use "K" for abbreviating thousands in accounting.
- HINT - A loan of $5,000 is a claim of $5,000 for the creditor.
@
1.11
Because a business will use its assets to pay off its creditors, the
claims of creditors are called {b}claims against{n} {1,8,3}.
*1
ASSETS - OK - Correct.
BUSINESS - NO - The claims are against the ASSETS of the business.
- HINT - The claims are against the ASSETS of the business.
@
1.12
The {u}owners{n} of a business also have a claim against the assets of
the business. They claim everything that is {u}left over{n} after the creditors'
claims have been taken into account. If the assets total $10,000, and if
creditors have claims totalling $4,000, the owners will claim ${1,-6}.
*1
6,000 - OK - Correct.
6000 - OK - Correct.
4,000 - NO - The owners can claim what is left {u}after{n} $4000 is paid.
4000 - NO - The owners can claim what is left {u}after{n} $4000 is paid.
10,000 - NO - No, the creditors' claims must be subtracted first.
10000 - NO - No, the creditors' claims must be subtracted first.
- HINT - The owners' claim is $10,000 ─ $4,000 = $6,000.
@
1.13
Thus there are two types of claims against the assets of a business:
the claims of the O{1,5,2} and the claims of the C{2,8,2}.
*1
WNERS - OK - Right.
OWNER - OK - Right.
*2
REDITORS - OK - Correct.
CREDITOR - OK - Correct.
@
1.14
If a business refuses to pay a claim, the person to whom it is due
can sue the business in a court of equity. This fact may help you to remember
that in the language of accounting, both claims of creditors and claims of
owners are called EQ{1,5,2}S.
*1
UITIE - OK - Right.
- HINT - Claims against assets are called EQUITIES.
@
1.15
In other words, the term {b}equities{n} refers to claims against the
assets of a business {1,-1}
(A) by owners only.
(B) by creditors only.
(C) by both owners and creditors.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,10,13}{r}
C - OK - Correct. Owners AND creditors have an equity in a business.
A - NO - No, CREDITORS have an equity since they also have claims.
B - NO - No, OWNERS also have claims.
@
1.16
If a business refuses to pay the claim of a creditor, a court of
equity will usually hold the business {b}liable{n} for the amount of the
claim. This may explain the origin of the accounting term for the equity
of a creditor: LI{1,4,2}ITY.
*1
ABIL - OK - Yes.
LIAB - OK - Yes.
@
1.17
Thus the word {b}liabilities{n} refers to {1,-1}
(A) the equity of owners only.
(B) the equity of creditors only.
(C) the equities of both owners and creditors.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,6,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct. Liabilities are claims of CREDITORS.
A - NO - Liabilities are claims of CREDITORS.
C - NO - Liabilities are claims of CREDITORS.
- HINT - Choose A, B, or C.
@
1.18
You would begin your list of Garsden Company's equities by listing
the liabilities. Liabilities totalled $12,119. Enter the name and amount
below.
{b}GARSDEN COMPANY
{b} Equities
{1,-11,3} ...................................... ${2,-6}
*1
LIABILITIES - OK - Right.
*2
12,119 - OK - Correct.
12119 - OK - Correct.
@
1.19
We learned earlier that Garsden Company has assets totalling $36,236.
The liabilities were $12,119. Evidently only ${1,-6} of assets remained
to be claimed after the liabilities had been taken into account.
*1
24,117 - OK - Fine.
24117 - OK - Fine.
- HINT - Assets ($36,236) ─ Liabilities ($12,119) = $24,117.
@
1.20 Dual-Aspect Concept
Whatever remains after the liabilities are taken into account will
be claimed by the owners of the business. Consider the case of a company
whose assets total $10,000, and against which there are liabilities
totalling $4,000. The {b}owners' equity{n} must be ${1,-6}.
*1
6,000 - OK - Correct. The owners claim any remaining assets.
6000 - OK - Correct. The owners claim any remaining assets.
- HINT - The owners claim $10,000 {c,196} $4,000, or $6,000.
@
1.21
(1) Any assets not claimed by creditors will be claimed by the owners
of the business, and
(2) The total amount of claims (the equities) cannot exceed what there
is to be claimed.
It follows from statements (1) and (2) that the total amount of assets will
always be {1,-1} the total amount of equities.
(A) greater than
(B) equal to
(C) less than
*1
- POST - {b}{a,16,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct. All assets will be claimed either by the owners or creditors.
A - NO - All assets will be claimed; therefore, assets = equities.
C - NO - All assets will be claimed; therefore, assets = equities.
@
1.22
The fact that the total assets of a business always equal the total
equities leads to what is called the {b}dual-aspect concept.
@
1.23
The dual-aspect concept is the first of nine fundamental accounting
concepts we shall present in this program. The fact that the total of the
assets equals the total of the equities is an {u}equation{n}, that is, a statement
that something is equal to something else. Write this equation, using just
the words {b}assets{n} and {b}equities{n}: {s}
{d}
{1,-6,2} = {2,-8,2}
*1
ASSETS - OK - Correct.
EQUITI - QUIT - (okay) but start with ASSETS.
*2
EQUITIES - OK - Correct.
ASSETS - NO - No, this must be something other than ASSETS.
@
1.24
According to the {b}dual-aspect concept,
(1) assets = equities.
We also know that
(2) equities = liabilities + owners' equity.
Therefore, another form of the dual-aspect equation is:
(3) assets = L{1,10,2} + O{2,6,2} equity.
*1
IABILITIES - OK - Good.
LIABILITIE - OK - Good.
*2
WNERS' - OK - Right.
OWNERS - OK - Right.
@
1.25
Suppose a business has assets totalling $20,000. Its owners'
equity is $2,000. Evidently the business has liabilities totalling
${1,-6}.
*1
18,000 - OK - Correct. $20,000 {c,196} $2,000 = $18,000.
18000 - OK - Correct. $20,000 {c,196} $2,000 = $18,000.
- HINT - {a,21,1}Remember, assets ─ owners' equity = liabilities.
@
1.26
The liabilities of Violet Company total $3,000. The owners' equity
totals $16,000. The company must have ${1,-6} in assets.
*1
19,000 - OK - Correct.
19000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equities.
@
1.27
The equation:
{b}assets = equities
is the {u}fundamental accounting equation{n}. Which form of this equation
emphasizes the fact that the owners can claim only what is left over after
the liabilities have been satisfied? {1,-1}
{s}
(A) assets = liabilities + owners' equity{d}
(B) assets - liabilities = owners' equity
(C) assets - owners' equity = liabilities
*1
- POST - {b}{a,15,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct.
- HINT - {a,21,1}Owners' equity is what is left over.
@
1.28
The amount left over after the liabilities have been satisfied
is called the {1,7,3} equity.
*1
OWNERS' - OK - Correct.
- HINT - {a,21,1}Remember the equation, assets = liabilities + owners' equity.
@
1.29
If a business has $20,000 in assets and $12,000 of liabilities,
the amount of the owners' equity is ${1,-6}.
*1
8,000 - OK - Correct.
8000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Assets {c,196} liabilities = owners' equity.
@
1.30
Suppose a business has $30,000 in assets. Between the claims of the
creditors (the {b}liabilities{n}) and those of the owners (the {b}owners'
equity{n}), which have priority -- that is, which have the first claim? {1,-1}
(A) liabilities
(B) owners' equity
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
A - OK - Correct. Creditors who represent LIABILITIES claim assets before owners.
B - QUIT - No, creditors who represent LIABILITIES have claim to assets before owners.
@
1.31
You are now ready to complete the list of equities of the Garsden
Company. We know that assets total $36,236, and that liabilities total
$12,119. Fill in the missing name and amounts. {s}
{b}GARSDEN COMPANY
{b}Equities
Liabilities ..................................... $ 12,119 {d}
{1,-14,5 } ................................... {2,-6,2}
{l,9}
Total $ {3,-6,2}
*1
OWNERS' EQUITY - OK - Good.
ASSETS - NO - No, we are listing claims AGAINST assets.
- HINT - Owners' Equity is the other claim.
*2
24,117 - OK - Fine.
24117 - OK - Fine.
- HINT - Owners' Equity = Assets {c,196} Liabilities, or $24,117.
*3
36,236 - OK - Fine.
36236 - OK - Fine.
@
1.32
Here is a list of ordinary terms. Match each one with the corresponding
accounting term from the following choices.
(A) creditor (B) asset (C) equities
(D) liability (E) owners' equity (F) dual-aspect {s}
{d}
thing of value ................... {1,1}
one who lends money .............. {2,1}
creditors' claim ................. {3,1}
owners' claim .................... {4,1}
owners' and creditors' claims .... {5,1}
*1
ASSET - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
- HINT - ASSETS are things of value in a business.
*2
CREDITOR - OK - Correct.
A - OK - Correct.
- HINT - One who lends money to a business is a CREDITOR.
*3
LIABILITY - OK - Correct.
D - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Creditors' claims are called LIABILITY.
*4
OWNERS' EQUITY - OK - Correct.
E - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Owners' claims are called OWNERS' EQUITY.
*5
EQUITIES - OK - Correct.
C - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Owners' and creditors' claims together are EQUITIES.
@
1.33 {s}Balance Sheet
Here is the accounting report on Garsden Company that you have
compiled so far.
{b}GARSDEN COMPANY
{b} Assets Equities
Cash ..................... $ 3,449 Liabilities .............. $12,119
Other assets ............. 32,787 Owners' equity ........... 24,117
{l,8 } {l,8}
Total $36,236 Total $36,236
As required by the dual-aspect concept, we see that the total of the
assets {1,8} balance the total of the equities.
(A) does
(B) does not
*1
- POST - {b}{a,19,13}{r}
- POST - {a,13,28}{b}$36,236 {a,13,68}{b}$36,236
DOES - OK - Correct.
A - OK - Correct.
DOES NOT - QUIT - Assets DO balance equities.
B - QUIT - Assets DO balance equities.
@
1.34
Because the total of the assets should {1,9} {b}balance
(A) never (B) sometimes (C) always
the total of the equities, a financial statement that reports the assets
and equities of a company is called a {2,7,2} sheet.
*1
- POST - {a,4,45}{b}always
ALWAYS - OK - Correct.
C - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The dual-aspect concept says assets ALWAYS equal equities.
*2
BALANCE - OK - Right.
@
1.35
Please turn to Exhibit 1 in the separate booklet accompanying
the program. It shows the balance sheet you created for Garsden Company.
Notice that the assets are listed on the {1,5,1} side and that the
(A) left (B) right
equities are listed on the {2,5,1} side. This is standard practice in
(A) left (B) right
the United States.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}left
LEFT - OK - Yes.
A - OK - Yes.
RIGHT - QUIT - No, look again.
B - QUIT - No, look again.
*2
- POST - {b}{a,12,26}{r}
RIGHT - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
LEFT - QUIT - No, assets were on the left!
A - QUIT - No, assets were on the left!
@
1.36
The amount of cash owned by a business is likely to {1,-1}
from day to day.
(A) remain constant
(B) change
*1
- POST - {a,8,13}{b}change{n}
- POST - {a,20,1}Cash is likely to flow in and out of a business, just as your own cash
- POST - {a,21,1}goes up and down from day to day!
B - OK - Correct.
A - QUIT - No.
@
1.37
Will the amounts of the other assets and liabilities also change from
day to day? {1,-3,1}
*1
YES - OK - Correct. As a business buys and sells things, the amounts change.
NO - QUIT - No, they WILL change as the business buys and sells things.
N - QUIT - No, they WILL change as the business buys and sells things.
- HINT - Answer (Y) Yes or (N) No.
@
1.38
Therefore, any given {u}balance sheet{n} must report the amount of assets
and equities {1,-1}
(A) over an extended period of time.
(B) at one point in time.
*1
- POST - {a,8,13}{b}at one point in time.
B - OK - Correct.
A - QUIT - No, because the amount of assets and equities is always changing.
@
1.39
Because a balance sheet reports amounts for a {u}point in time{n}, the
balance sheet must be dated. To avoid references to specific years, in this
program we shall use the term "19x1" to refer to the first year, "19x2" for
the next year, and so on. Thus, if a balance sheet for Garsden Company
reports its assets and equities as of December 31 of the first year, it is
dated "as of December 31, {1,4}."
*1
19X1 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Use "19x1" to refer to the first year.
@
1.40{s}
At the close of business on December 31, 19x1, Dowling Company
had $2,000 in its bank account. It owned other assets totalling $24,000.
The company owed $10,000 to creditors. The owners' claim was $16,000.
Complete the following four-item balance sheet:
{b} DOWLING COMPANY
Balance Sheet as of December 31, 19x1
{b} Assets Equities {d}
Cash ..................... ${1,-6} Liabilities .............. ${4,-6}{s}
{d}
Other Assets ............. {2,-6} Owners' Equity ........... {5,-6}
{l,10 } {l,10}
Total ${3,-6} Total ${6,-6}
*1
2,000 - OK - Correct.
2,000 - OK - Correct.
2000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - $2,000 was in the bank.
*2
24,000 - OK - Correct.
24000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The other assets totalled $24,000.
*3
26,000 - OK - Correct.
26000 - OK - Correct.
*4
10,000 - OK - Correct.
10000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - $10,000 was owed to creditors.
*5
16,000 - OK - Correct.
16000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The owners' claim was $16,000.
*6
26,000 - OK - Correct.
26000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - This must match the first total.
@
1.41{s}
One year later, on December 31, 19x2, Dowling Company owed $8,000
to creditors and had $3,000 in its bank account. Other things of value
totalled $25,000.
Calculate the remaining item from the information given and complete the
new balance sheet.
{b} DOWLING COMPANY
Balance Sheet as of December 31, 19x2
{b} Assets Equities {d}
Cash ..................... ${1,-6} Liabilities .............. ${4,-6}{s}
{d}
Other Assets ............. {2,-6} Owners' Equity ........... {5,-6}
{l,10 } {l,10}
Total ${3,-6} Total ${6,-6}
*1
3,000 - OK - Correct.
3,000 - OK - Correct.
3000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Cash in the bank totalled $3,000.
*2
25,000 - OK - Correct.
25000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - Other assets totalled $25,000.
*3
28,000 - OK - Correct.
28000 - OK - Correct.
*4
8,000 - OK - Correct.
8,000 - OK - Correct.
8000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The company owed $8,000 to creditors.
*5
20,000 - OK - Correct.
20000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The $20,000 remaining must be owners' equity.
*6
28,000 - OK - Correct.
28000 - OK - Correct.
@
1.42 Money-Measurement Concept
A fruit store owns $200 of cash, 100 dozen oranges, and 20 dozen apples.
Can you add up its total assets from this information? Yes/No {1,-3,1}
*1
NO - OK - Correct. We don't know the VALUE of the apples and oranges.
YES - QUIT - No, we don't know the VALUE of the apples and oranges.
Y - QUIT - No, we don't know the VALUE of the apples and oranges.
- HINT - Answer either (Y) Yes or (N) No.
@
1.43
If you knew that the 100 dozen oranges cost $3 a dozen and the
20 dozen apples cost $2 a dozen, you could then add these amounts to the
$200 cash, and find the total assets to be ${1,-3}.
*1
540 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - {a,21,1}($3 x 100) + ($2 x 20) + $200 = $540.
@
1.44
You cannot add together objects as different as apples, oranges,
automobiles, shoes, cash, supplies, etc., unless they are expressed
in {1,9} units.
(A) different
(B) similar
*1
- POST - {a,10,13}{b}similar
SIMILAR - OK - Correct, for example, units of MONEY.
B - OK - Correct, for example, units of MONEY.
DIFFERENT - QUIT - No, we cannot add apples and oranges.
A - QUIT - No, we cannot add apples and oranges.
@
1.45
You can add the values of apples and oranges if they are stated
in terms of {1,6}.
(A) money
(B) dozens
*1
- POST - {a,6,13}{b}money
MONEY - OK - Correct. The DOLLAR values of different types of assets can be added.
A - OK - Correct. The DOLLAR values of different types of assets can be added.
DOZENS - QUIT - No. We can't add up DOZENS of apples and oranges into one meaningful sum.
B - QUIT - No. We can't add up DOZENS of apples and oranges into one meaningful sum.
@
1.46
The facts that appear in an accounting report are stated in units
of money, that is, dollars. This is the {b}money-measurement{n} concept.
By converting different facts to monetary amounts, we can deal with them
{u}arithmetically{n}; that is, we can add one item to another, or we can
subtract one item from another.
@
1.47
If facts cannot be expressed in {u}monetary amounts{n}, they cannot be
reported on a balance sheet. Which of the following facts could be determined
by reading a balance sheet of Able Company? Answer Yes or No for each item. {s}
{d}
- How much cash Able Company has ................... {1,3,1}
- The health of the president of Able Company ...... {2,3,1}
- How much money Able Company owes ................. {3,3,1}
- A strike is beginning at Able Company ............ {4,3,1}
- How many automobiles Able Company owns ........... {5,3,1}
- Able Company is about to sign a very profitable {s}
contract with Charlie Company .................... {6,3,1}
*1
YES - OK - Correct.
NO - QUIT - No, Cash IS expressed as a monetary amount on the balance sheet.
N - QUIT - No, Cash IS expressed as a monetary amount on the balance sheet.
*2
NO - OK - Correct. Health cannot be expressed as a monetary amount.
YES - QUIT - No. Health cannot be expressed as a monetary amount.
Y - QUIT - No. Health cannot be expressed as a monetary amount.
*3
YES - OK - Right, by reading the equities side of the balance sheet.
NO - QUIT - No, this CAN be determined by reading the equities side of the balance sheet.
N - QUIT - No, this CAN be determined by reading the equities side of the balance sheet.
*4
NO - OK - Correct. A strike cannot be expressed monetarily.
YES - QUIT - No. A strike cannot be expressed monetarily.
Y - QUIT - No. A strike cannot be expressed monetarily.
*5
NO - OK - Correct. The NUMBER of autos is not a MONETARY amount.
YES - QUIT - No. The NUMBER of autos is not a MONETARY amount.
Y - QUIT - No. The NUMBER of autos is not a MONETARY amount.
*6
NO - OK - Correct. The SIGNING of a contract cannot be expressed in monetary amounts.
YES - QUIT - No. The SIGNING of a contract cannot be expressed in monetary amounts.
Y - QUIT - No. The SIGNING of a contract cannot be expressed in monetary amounts.
@
1.48
Because accounting reports include only those facts that can be stated
in money amounts, accounting is necessarily a(n) {1,10 } account of
(A) complete (B) incomplete
the status of a business and {u}does not{n} always give the most important facts
about a business.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,6,29}{r}
INCOMPLETE - OK - That's right.
B - OK - That's right.
COMPLETE - QUIT - No.
A - QUIT - No.
@
1.49
Some people believe that accounting reports tell everything important
one needs to know about a business. Such a belief is {1,9}.
(A) correct
(B) incorrect
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
- POST - {a,20,1}Facts such as the president's health and impending strikes are important,
- POST - {a,21,1}but are NOT reported on a balance sheet.
INCORRECT - OK - Right.
B - OK - Right.
CORRECT - QUIT - No.
A - QUIT - No.
@
1.50
The {b}money-measurement{n} concept is the second of the nine major
accounting concepts to be explained in this program. The first one was
the {b}dual-aspect{n} concept. What is the meaning of each of these concepts?
{s}
{d} Dual-aspect concept: Assets = {1,20}.
(A) Cash + Other assets (B) Equities (C) Liabilities {s}
{d}
Money-Measurement: Accounting records show only facts that can be
expressed in {2,8,3} amounts.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,11,48}Equities
EQUITIES - OK - Right.
B - OK - Right.
A - NO - True, but that isn't the dual-aspect concept.
C - NO - No.
*2
MONETARY - OK - Good.
@
1.51{s} Entity Concept
Accounts are kept for {b}entities{n}, rather than for the persons who
own, operate, or otherwise are associated with those entities. For example,
suppose Green Company is a business entity and Sue Smith, sole owner of
Green Company, withdraws $100 from the business. In preparing financial
accounts for Green Company, we should record the effect of this transaction
on the accounts of {1,10}.
(A) the entity (B) Sue Smith
{c,220,21}
{c,221} {c,222}
{c,221} GREEN COMPANY {c,222}
{c,221} {c,222}
{c,221} {c,177,2} {c,222} {c,001}
{c,221} {c,177,2} {c,222} {c,197}
{c,223,21} {c,94}
{u}accounting entity{n} {u}owner{n}
*1
- POST - {a,11,17}{b}the entity
THE ENTITY - OK - Correct.
A - OK - Correct.
SUE SMITH - QUIT - No, the entity is Green Company, not Sue Smith.
B - QUIT - No, the entity is Green Company, not Sue Smith.
@
1.52
Sue Smith withdraws $100 from Green Company, of which she is the sole
owner. Smith now has $100 more cash and $100 less equity in Green Company.
Smith is {1,-1} than she was before. {s}
{d}
(A) better off
(B) worse off
(C) no better or worse off{s}
{d}
*1
- POST - {b}{a,13,13}{r}
C - OK - Correct. She has more cash in her pocket but less equity in her company!
A - NO - No, she has more cash in her pocket but less equity in her company!
B - NO - No, she has more cash in her pocket but less equity in her company!
@
1.53
If Smith withdraws $100 from Green Company, of which she is the sole
owner, she is just as well off after this withdrawal as before. What about
Green Company? It now has {1,15} in assets.
(A) $100 more
(B) the same amount
(C) $100 less
*1
- POST - {b}{a,12,13}{r}
$100 LESS - OK - Correct.
C - OK - Correct.
$100 MORE - NO - Green Company's assets are $100 LESS after her withdrawal.
A - NO - Green Company's assets are $100 LESS after her withdrawal.
THE SAME AMOUNT - NO - Green Company's assets are $100 LESS after her withdrawal.
B - NO - Green Company's assets are $100 LESS after her withdrawal.
@
1.54
Evidently, events such as this can affect the owner in one way and
the entity in another. Financial reports of Green Company, therefore, will
report only the effect that the event has upon the {1,6}.
(A) owner
(B) entity
*1
- POST - {a,10,13}{b}entity
ENTITY - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
OWNER - QUIT - No, accounting reports are kept for the ENTITY.
A - QUIT - No, accounting reports are kept for the ENTITY.
@
1.55
The fact that accounts are kept for entities, as distinguished from
the persons associated with those entities, is called the EN{1,4}
concept.
*1
TITY - OK - Sure.
- HINT - This is the entity concept.
@
1.56
A business may be organized under any one of several legal forms,
such as a corporation, a partnership (two or more owners), or a proprietorship
(a single owner). The entity concept applies, regardless of the legal status.
@
1.57
John and Bob own the John and Bob Laundry, a partnership. Each
takes $1,000 cash from the partnership entity and puts it into his personal
bank account. An accounting report of the financial status of the John and
Bob Laundry would show that {1,-1}
(A) the net change in John and Bob's financial position is zero.
(B) the entity has $2,000 less cash.
*1
- POST - {a,12,13}{b}the entity has $2,000 less cash.
B - OK - Yes. The accounting report is kept for the ENTITY.
A - QUIT - No, the accounting report is kept for the ENTITY.
@
1.58
Municipalities, hospitals, religious organizations, colleges, and
other non-business organizations are also accounting entities. Although
in this program we focus on businesses, the accounting for non-business
entities is similar.
@
1.59{s}
The entity concept is the third of the nine fundamental
accounting concepts:
(1) Dual-aspect concept
(2) Money-measurement concept
(3) Entity concept
Match each of these concepts with the correct definition below:
- Accounting records show only facts that can be
expressed in monetary amounts ................. {1,1}
- Assets = Equities ............................... {2,1}
- Accounts are kept for entities as distinguished
from the persons who own those entities ....... {3,1}
*1
- POST - {a,12,60}-
MONEY MEASUREMENT CONCEPT - OK - Correct.
2 - OK - Correct.
*2
- POST - {a,14,59}-
DUAL ASPECT CONCEPT - OK - Correct.
1 - OK - Correct.
*3
ENTITY CONCEPT - OK - Correct.
3 - OK - Good.
@
{s}Key Points to Remember
- The assets of an entity are the things of value that it owns.
- Equities are the claims against an entity's assets. They consist of
(1) liabilities and (2) owners' equity.
- The sum of the assets equals the sum of the equities because someone
claims all the assets, but the total of the claims cannot be more than
the amount that there is to be claimed. This is the dual-aspect concept.
- The assets and equities of an entity as of one moment of time are
reported on a balance sheet.
- The money-measurement concept: accounting reports only those facts that
can be stated in money amounts.
- The entity concept: accounts are kept for entities, rather than for the
persons who own, operate, or otherwise are associated with those entities.
<continued>
@
You have completed Part 1 of this program. If you feel you have understood
the material in this part, you should now take Post Test 1, which is in the
separate booklet. If you would like to review the material before taking the
post test, please do so. {s}
{d}
The post test will serve both to test your comprehension and to review the
highlights of Part 1. After taking the post test, you may find that you are
unsure about certain points the test raises. You should review these points
before continuing with Part 2.
@
{m}
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